In developing nations like India, genital tract infections (GTI) among women remain an underdiagnosed condition until they progress into complications. This study was planned to study GTI among infertile women attending infertility clinics. Samples from 105 married women for diagnosis of gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and hepatitis B were processed. The overall prevalence of reproductive tract infection (RTI) in the study population was 17.1% and the prevalence of chlamydial infection was 8.6%. Rural locality and illiteracy were found to be significantly correlated with infertility. The prevalence of different RTIs was candidiasis (10.5%), genital chlamydiosis (8.6%), bacterial vaginosis (5.7%), syphilis (2.9%), and gonorrhea (1%). Sociodemographic factors significantly correlated with Chlamydia trachomatis were positive history of RTI/sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the husband (72.2%), lower age-group, (44.4%), rural locality (100%), illiteracy (77.8%), and duration of marriage <5 years (44.4%). The genital discharge was the most common presentation.

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is a syndrome unique to pregnancy that ranks second globally in terms of maternal mortality (14% in India and 29.54% globally). PE complicates 2–8% of pregnancies, while 10% of women experience hypertensive problems during pregnancy [hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP)]. For women to have better maternal and perinatal outcomes, we must swiftly identify HDPs. The prognosis of these patients is contingent upon prompt identification, prompt referral to the tertiary care facility, patient accessibility to the facility, and careful management. Materials and methods: Enrolled in the study were patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and gave their consent for the current investigation. To get the risk of unfavorable outcomes for both mother and fetus, we employed the complete preeclampsia integrated estimate of risk score (PIERS) calculator. All patients were intensively monitored and managed accordingly with antihypertensive and steroids for fetal lung maturation in patients needing preterm delivery. Results and discussion: All patients requiring premature birth were closely observed and treated with antihypertensive medications and steroids to promote fetal lung maturation. About 33.33% of the patients in our study with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy experienced adverse maternal outcomes. The full-PIERS prediction model applied to the study population demonstrated a statistically significant p-value of <0.05 in the prediction of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The area under the curve (AUC) [receiver operating characteristic (ROC)] for the PIER score at various cutoffs is C = 0.903, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.855–0.951 and a standard error (SE) of 0.024. The optimal cutoff points are 2.85 for maternal outcomes and 0.95 for fetal outcomes, respectively, in order to maximize (sensitivity + specificity). Conclusion: Our results may help with decision-making when it comes to scheduling the patient's delivery, maintaining conservative treatment, administering blood products, or moving the patient to an intensive care unit. PIER score is a highly reliable indicator (p < 0.001) for predicting the health of the mother and fetus.

Introduction: The approximate 33% likelihood of conception in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy often leads to feelings of anxiety, distress, and depression for many women undergoing IVF treatment. Furthermore, most women's chances of conceiving after IVF treatment decrease due to various factors like late age and associated fertility factors. Yoga is a holistic strategy that could provide a platform for women to manage their emotional reactions during and after the IVF treatment process. This research study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week structured yoga program (SYP) on the level of anxiety and depression in women undergoing IVF treatment. Materials and methods: A total of 102 women undergoing IVF treatment were randomized into two groups—a structured yoga group (SYG) and a home-based walking group (HWG). SYG participants received yoga therapy for a period of 8 weeks, performing 3 days per week lasting for 60 minutes. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression. Data was analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests. Results: Women who participated in the summer youth program demonstrated significantly reduced levels of anxiety and depression compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Participation in a SYP can lead to a significant reduction in perceived levels of anxiety and depression in women who are undergoing IVF treatment. Clinical significance: Yoga can be considered an inexpensive and safe therapy that can help women to cater through psychological disturbances faced during and after the IVF procedures.

A physiological function that is vital to life is sleep. The quality of sleep is closely related to both physical and mental health as well as other well-being indicators. The assessment of the health status of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) should prioritize sleep quality as well as the best methods for preventing these illnesses and enhancing the quality of life (QoL) for such patients. Sleep disturbance may be a crucial aspect of PCOS. Depression, increased insulin resistance, obesity, irregular menstrual cycles, and skin-related diseases are all linked to poor sleep in PCOS patients. Aim: Studying and raising awareness of sleep problems in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome was the goal of this investigation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep disorders and PCOS utilizing a questionnaire. Objectives: The goals of this study were to use a questionnaire to determine the relationship between sleep disruptions and PCOS and to identify the factors that contribute to both conditions. A random sample of women from the Chennai area was used to explore sleep patterns and issues. The study's 70 total individuals were recruited between October 2020 and December 2020. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and an eating habits questionnaire were combined to create a Google Form. For the purpose of analyzing the sample, statistical analysis was done. Results and discussion: According to Pearson correlation, eating habits and sleep quality are significantly correlated at p = 0.01, σ two-tailed. Conclusion: This investigation came to the conclusion that there is a relationship between PCOS women's food habits and sleep hygiene. Therefore, engaging in physical activity, eating a nutritious diet, and making other lifestyle changes will help people with PCOS sleep better.

Background: Late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) is the failure to achieve growth potential by the fetus and is diagnosed after 32 weeks of gestation. Majorly, it is associated with stillbirths. Hence, fetuses at risk need to be identified. Objectives: To evaluate association of cerebro-placental-uterine ratio (CPUR) in predicting late-onset FGR. Materials and methods: A prospective study was carried out including low-risk nulliparous singleton women after a 32-week period of gestation. Analysis of pulsatility indices of umbilical artery (UA), uterine arteries (UtA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) was conducted. The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and CPUR were calculated. After adjusting for gestational age, EFW and Doppler indices were converted into centiles and multiples of the median (MoM), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess predictive value of all Doppler parameters for birth weight <10th, <5th, and <3rd centile as per Gestation Related Optimal Weight (GROW) chart. At ~90% specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value, and odds ratios (OR) were presented. Results: A total of 587 participants were included, 169 had birth weight <10th centile and 418 had ≥10th centile. For birth weight <5th and <3rd centiles, the area under the curve (AUC) of CPUR was 0.677 and 0.734, respectively. Low CPUR MoM was associated with birth weight <10th, <5th, and <3rd centile with OR of 3.1, 3.2, and 4.08, respectively, p < 0.001. Higher association with meconium-stained liquor and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, p < 0.001 was found with low CPUR MoM. Conclusion: A strong association of uteroplacental insufficiency with CPUR, a novel Doppler ratio, was observed and has higher AUC and OR for identifying low-birth-weight compared to existing Doppler parameters.

Background: Genital tuberculosis (GTB) is a significant contributor to female infertility. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) have been linked to increased mycobacterial immunity and susceptibility to female genital tuberculosis (FGTB). Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D levels and ApaI and TaqI (VDR) gene polymorphisms to determine susceptibility to FGTB. Materials and Methods: In a case–control study, blood samples were collected from 150 confirmed FGTB cases. The serum vitamin D level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and the genotyping of (ApaI and TaqI) polymorphisms was performed using amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Results: According to this study, the mean serum vitamin D levels were significantly higher among healthy controls (29.04 ± 0.14) than FGTB cases (9.94 ± 0.14). The TaqI gene (C) allele frequency was found to be 60.0% in FGTB cases and 48.3% in healthy controls; the C allele was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to FGTB risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI); p < 0.0004]. A positive correlation was found between VDD and increased susceptibility to FGTB risk (p < 0.0001). The association between mean serum vitamin D level and frequency of TaqI gene (CC) (p < 0.0001) and (TC) (p < 0.01) was significant among cases; however, ApaI did not show a significant association with the susceptibility to FGTB risk. Conclusion: The study concluded that TaqI gene polymorphism might be associated with VDD due to VDR dysfunction, providing additional information that it might be one of the contributors to increased susceptibility to developing FGTB risk.

Background: Smoking during pregnancy is a major risk factor, as it causes abnormal fetal lung growth. Lately, there has been a significant rise in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking. E-cigarettes have become an alternative method to regular tobacco cigarette smoking. E-cigarettes are devices that deliver nicotine in doses and also contain different flavors, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerin. Tobacco smoke consists of many compounds, including nicotine. Maternal smoking leads to various gestational problems. The development of the fetal lung undergoes several morphological stages. From that, the fetal lung gets exposed to tobacco smoke and e-cigarette smoke, which can impair lung development, immune response, and cause wheezing. Methods: This topic was derived from articles that were searched and screened using the following evidence: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Sci-Hub. Result: This study review is conducted to provide an overview of the effects of e-cigarettes vs tobacco cigarettes on fetal lung development. Based on evidence from articles, nicotine serves as a mediator between e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. Smokers often perceive e-cigarettes to be the safer option between the two. However, they are quite addictive due to their nicotine content, and vaping persists even during pregnancy, leading to respiratory disorders in offspring. Conclusion: Hence, the study shows that e-cigarettes and regular tobacco cigarettes have a pathological influence on the fetus.

During early pregnancy, many women are affected with severe sickness in the morning, that is hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), which represents extreme vomiting in pregnancy. Among HG women, about 66–73% had severe HG and the presence of elevated thyroid function. Data collected from the subjects showed the association of temporary hyperthyroidism with severe morning sickness in our Saveetha Medical Hospital. The pregnancy unique quantification of emesis (PUQE) score helps in assessing the rigorousness of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. The total sample size was 260 antenatals, out of which 11 were hyperemesis, this is a cross-sectional study and the study period was between June and August 2023. Gestational transient hyperthyroidism prevalence was 1.92%. In our study, we have found that there is a significant relation between the rigorousness of PUQE score with hypocalcemia and we did not find any statistically significant relationship between transient hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. The level of free thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in transient hyperthyroid women was found to be normal at 20 weeks of gestation. Thus, transient hyperthyroidism in pregnancy was not significantly linked with the rigorousness of the PUQE score. Hence, it is not necessary to test for thyroid function in pregnant women with transient hyperthyroidism unless they have a clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism.

Aims and background: Endometrial thickness <7 mm is frequently associated with recurrent implantation failure and poor reproductive outcomes along with obstetric and perinatal complications, leading to paramount emotional and financial stress on the patients. Novel strategies are being implemented to mitigate a thin endometrium, one of which is the administration of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In this study, we have examined the efficacy of PRP in increasing the endometrial thickness. Materials and methods: Our retrospective cohort study included 37 patients, of whom 15 received conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and 22 patients received an additional intrauterine infusion of autologous PRP. Outcomes in the form of endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates were assessed. Endometrial thickness of <7 mm was used as a cutoff value for cycle cancellation. Results: A significant increase in endometrial thickness was noted upon PRP administration (7.773 vs 6.367 mm, p = 0.001). PRP-treated group resulted in a lower cycle cancellation rate since 73% of the patients achieved a thickness of >7 mm, whereas none of the patients achieved this thickness when treated with conventional HRT. The pregnancy rates were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: Owing to its autologous nature, noninvasive and safe use, autologous PRP can be considered a promising adjuvant for managing a thin endometrium. Clinical significance: A thin endometrium is a challenging situation for both patients and clinicians alike. Given the positive impact of PRP, our study will help clinicians to explore its use, especially where the conventional HRT treatments remain insufficient.

Background: Listeriosis is not a commonly encountered infection in pregnancy. The disease causes mild maternal illness but is known to have deleterious effects on the fetus. Case description: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and meconium-stained liquor (MSL) seem to be the mode of presentation of Listeria in pregnancy. Antenatal diagnosis can be established with blood culture alone if sent suspecting the infection as part of the fever workup. Placental inflammatory response and meconium macrophages in amnion are the diagnostic features on histopathological examination for confirmation. She received third-generation cephalosporins. Conclusion and clinical significance: Early diagnosis and evaluation of the disease in the mother will prevent intrauterine stillbirth and decrease the risk of perinatal mortality.