International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine

Register      Login

VOLUME 4 , ISSUE 1 ( January-April, 2013 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A Case Control Study Comparing Risk Factors for Ectopic Gestation in Unusual and Tubal Gestations

Lakshmi Rathna Marakani, Sirisha Rao Gundabattula, Shashikala Dasari, Manjula Pochiraju, Kameswari Surampudi

Citation Information : Marakani LR, Gundabattula SR, Dasari S, Pochiraju M, Surampudi K. A Case Control Study Comparing Risk Factors for Ectopic Gestation in Unusual and Tubal Gestations. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2013; 4 (1):14-17.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1054

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-12-2015

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2013; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim

To compare risk factors for extratubal gestations with tubal gestations.

Materials and methods

Case control design with retrospective examination of an electronic database to identify ectopic gestations. Ectopic gestations were confirmed through ultrasound examination or serum beta hCG levels. We defined an ectopic gestation as implantation of pregnancy outside uterine cavity; tubal ectopic including implantation in the tube, isthmic, ampullary, or fimbrial and extratubal ectopic including implantation in the ovaries, cervix, abdomen, interstitia or cesarean scar.

Results

Ninety-one (1.1%, 95% CI: 0.9-1.3, 1 in 90 pregnancies) of 8,203 pregnancies during the study period were ectopic gestations including 69 (0.8%, 95% CI: 0.7-1.1, 1 in 120 pregnancies) tubal gestations and 22 (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.2-0.4, 1 in 372 pregnancies) gestations in extratubal locations. Extratubal ectopic gestations were more common in women with advanced maternal age (odds ratio: 7.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 43.9, p = 0.03) compared to women with tubal ectopic gestations.

Conclusion

Risk factors for extratubal gestation did not differ from risk factors for tubal gestations except for advanced maternal age. Pregnant women with advanced maternal age have to be additionally counseled on the increased risk for extratubal gestations.

How to cite this article

Pochiraju M, Surampudi K, Marakani LR, Dasari S, Gundabattula SR. A Case Control Study Comparing Risk Factors for Ectopic Gestation in Unusual and Tubal Gestations. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2013;4(1):14-17.


PDF Share
  1. Pregnancy-related mortality ratios. United States 1991-1999. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 2003; 52:1-8.
  2. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility (7th ed). New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2004.
  3. Conservative medical and surgical management of intersititial ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1999;72:207-15.
  4. Sites of ectopic pregnancy: A 10-year population based study of 1800 cases. Hum Reprod 2002;17(12):3224-30.
  5. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy—a case control study in France, with special focus on infectious factors. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:839-49.
  6. Conservative treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy with transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration and single-dose methotrexate. Fertil Steril 2004;81(4): 1130-32.
  7. Strategies for conservative treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:371-72.
  8. Cervical pregnancy: Past and future. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1997;52: 45-59.
  9. Cervical pregnancy with hydatidiform mole. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001;80:657-58.
  10. Laparoscopic cornual excision in viable large interstitial pregnancy without blood flow detected by color Doppler ultrasonography. Fertil Steril 2000;74(2):407-09.
  11. Treating cornual ectopic pregnancy with a single methotrexate injection. J Reprod Med 2005;50(2):141-43.
  12. Abdominal pregnancy in the United States: Frequency and maternal mortality. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:333-37.
  13. Management of a primary abdominal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1603-04.
  14. Abdominal pregnancy following in vitro fertilization in a patient with previous bilateral salpingectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88(4): 642-43.
  15. Expectant management of intramural ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97(2): 826-27.
  16. The conservative management of cervical ectopic pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;27:430-37.
  17. Ectopic pregnancies in caesarean section scars: The 8-year experience of one medical centre. Hum Reprod 2004;19(2):278-84.
  18. Cocaine use as a risk factor for abdominal pregnancy. J National Med Assoc 1998;90(5):277-83.
  19. Early pregnancy loss and ectopic pregnancy. In: Berek JS (Ed). Novak's gynecology Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002:507-42.
  20. Howkins and Bourne Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, Elsevier: New Delhi 2004:260-76.
  21. Ectopic pregnancy. In: Shaw RW, Luesley D, Monga A, (Eds). Gynaecology. Elsevier: New Delhi 2011:363-81.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.